Cold Plasma Platform
Elementary science teaches the three basic states of matter — Solid, Liquid, and Gas. When heat is applied to ice, the ice transforms from solid to liquid and eventually into gas. If heat or pressure continues to be added, the gas molecules dissociate into atoms. As a gas gains sufficient energy, electrons can be stripped from its atoms, producing positively and negatively charged ions and free, negatively charged electrons. The gas containing these particles generated by ionization is called plasma.
Non-Thermal Cold Plasma: Plasma is produced by applying sufficient energy (thermal, electromagnetic, or electric fields) to a neutral gas at atmospheric pressure. Non-thermal or cold plasma is a partially ionized gas that contains reactive species, such as free radicals, ions, and excited electrons. Non-thermal plasma is not at thermodynamic equilibrium due to the temperature difference between the reactive species and the ambient gas.
Why AC dielectric barrier discharge (AC-DBD): A stable, scalable discharge. In the JR-type unit the electrodes never contact the water, so they do not foul. That suits unattended, around-the-clock operation.
Three Building Blocks:
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PAW-FB contactor, which mixes plasma gas and liquid
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Venturi injector, which creates cavitation and micro- and nano-bubbles that carry radicals into the liquid
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Porous Dielectric DBD reactor, a three-phase gas-liquid-solid reaction interface
Scalable Architecture: Designed for rapid deployment in existing water treatment and industrial facilities. Modular reactor arrays, hot-swappable cassettes, N+1 redundancy (described generally).
Plasma Active Water From Algae Suppression
Plasma-Activated Water (PAW) and Plasma Fine Bubble (PFB)
Fine Bubble Infusion
PAW: Water conditioned by plasma so it carries controlled reactive species. Depending on the “recipe,” the same hardware can produce an oxidizing grade for disinfection and water treatment, or a stability-controlled grade for battery electrolyte (the dual-mode platform claimed in the battery provisional).
PFB: Plasma-activated gas delivered as ultrafine bubbles (about 1 µm, on the order of 100 to 200 million per cm³) that carry active species deep into pores, biofilm and deposits, then revert to air and water with no persistent residue.
Clean Treatment
Key Properties: No chemicals added; broad-spectrum biocidal effect; decomposes odor compounds (hydrogen sulfide, ammonia); breaks down biofilm and scale; generated on demand at the point of use; low power (a compact PFB-2 generator draws about 5 W at 5–9 L/min).
FIELDED APPLICATIONS
Deployment
Major International Transportation Passenger Terminal
Naval Vessels
National Medical Institutions
University Veterinary Academic Institutions
{FPS reduced be;pw detectopm ;o,ot’ {FPA reduced
Biofilm decomposition
Urine-scale, biofilm decomposition and deodorization in station toilet drain piping
Shipboard sanitation and wastewater systems
PAW and air sterilization
Asian influenza and classical fever inactivation
Semiconductors
Hydroponic facilities
Application
Adopted after three-year trial; peer-reviewed
In service
In service
Third-party validation
Bench/pilot, third-party LC/MS/MS
Proven via extensive research and lab trials
Status